Municipal government publications are not covered by Crown Copyright. Works created by municipal government employees are subject to the same copyright protection and limitations as any other works created in the course of employment, i. Copyright protection emphasizes the expression of an idea, fact, opinion, etc. Copyright can subsist in a reproduction of a public domain work if the reproduced version of that work is itself the product of a sufficient level of original work.
Project Gutenberg is a free online collection of works, many of which belong to the public domain. While many of the works available on Project Gutenberg are part of the public domain, there are also works that are copyright-protected.
You can verify the copyright status of any item in the Project Gutenberg collection by clicking the "Bibrec" tab of any catalog entry.
There is a separate Project Gutenberg Canada page dedicated to Canadian authors and public domain content. The Internet Archive plays host to a huge collection of free texts, audio and video files, and archived web pages. Much of this content is either public domain, or designated for free use under Creative Commons licensing. Use of the content on the Internet Archive is restricted to "scholarship and research purposes only. The Hathi Trust Digital Library is a massive digital repository with easy-to-use search and browse menus.
All items available in the archive "are either in the public domain, have the necessary permissions to support the level of access afforded, or are simply archived in such a way as to ensure an enduring copy of the content. Flicker: The Commons contains public domain and royalty-free images from such contributors as the Library of Congress, the U.
The Data Hub maintains a list of links to collections of materials which are in the Public Domain or which have significant portions of their collections in the Public Domain. Except where otherwise noted, this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4. Copyright at UBC. Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency In a unanimous decision, the SCC found that tariffs set by the Copyright Board of Canada are not mandatory and that users are not bound by them unless they voluntarily accept their terms.
This service is limited to course-required content for students to be viewed outside the classroom. Berne Convention Country. Contact copyright copyright. If the author is still living: Not in Public Domain. If the author is now deceased: Is the work published? If yes: Enters Public Domain 50 years after date of publication.
If no: When did the author die? If any of the authors are still living: Not in Public Domain. If all of the authors are deceased: Is the work published? If no: When did the last surviving author die?
In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, the person who employed the author is first owner of copyright. If the corporation, organization, or municipality that published the document knows who authored the document, then follow guidelines for Known Authors Sections A or B , as applicable.
Was the work created on or after December 31st, ? Photographs taken before are in the Public Domain. However, a short phrase used as an advertising slogan is protectable under trademark law. In that case, you could not use a similar phrase for the purpose of selling products or services. A fact or a theory—for example, the fact that a comet will pass by the Earth in —is not protected by copyright.
If a scientist discovered this fact, anyone would be free to use it without asking for permission from the scientist. Similarly, if someone creates a theory that the comet can be destroyed by a nuclear device, anyone could use that theory to create a book or movie. However, the unique manner in which a fact is expressed may be protected. Therefore, if a filmmaker created a movie about destroying a comet with a nuclear device, the specific way he presented the ideas in the movie would be protected by copyright.
In some cases, you are not free to copy a collection of facts because the collection of facts may be protectable as a compilation. Copyright law does not protect ideas; it only protects the particular way an idea is expressed. In the case of a story or movie, the idea is really the plot in its most basic form. Many paintings, photographs, and songs contain similar ideas. You can always use the underlying idea or theme—such as communicating with aliens for the improvement of the world—but you cannot copy the unique manner in which the author expresses the idea.
This unique expression may include literary devices such as dialog, characters, and subplots. The court found that this genre of television show was an unprotectable idea, as is any genre.
There is no requirement to file such a statement, and in my experience, using this method to dedicate work is not the norm. Authors of creative work tend to dedicate it to the public via Creative Commons , either by using:. Images dedicated to the public in the above manners are freely available to all to use.
Without such an authorization, do not assume the work is in the public domain. You can always contact the copyright owner for verification of a dedication if you are unsure. For a creative work to qualify for copyright protection, it must be original, minimally creative, and fixed in a tangible medium of expression.
Also, many types of works cannot receive copyright protection. Works created by US government officers and employees as part of their jobs are in the public domain. This rule does not apply to independent contractors for the federal government unless the work is created under a work-made-for-hire agreement meaning the government owns the creative work and is in the public domain. State and local government works created by their officers and employees may be in the public domain if dedicated.
Each state is different, so check the state and local laws for guidance. The following resources provide users with public domain images. Some sites will require that you join or subscribe to the site. Some of the resources mix public domain and copyright protected images.
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